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In a Type Ia supernova, the supernova process happens when the white dwarf in the binary accretes too much mass (anything over about 1.44 times the mass of our sun). The exact cause of the explosion is still an active area of research, but many think that the extra mass makes the core of the white dwarf heat up, which leads to too much pressure and energy inside the star that it is no longer able to support, and the star violently explodes. That’s what the German astronomer Johannes Kepler saw in 1604; skywatchers elsewhere in Europe, the Middle East and Asia saw it too. We now know it wasn’t really a new star but rather a supernova explosion—an enormous blast that happens when certain stars reach the ends of their lives. The table below lists the known reasons for core collapse in massive stars, the types of stars in which they occur, their associated supernova type, and the remnant produced. The metallicity is the proportion of elements other than hydrogen or helium, as compared to the Sun. The initial mass is the mass of the star prior to the supernova event, given in multiples of the Sun's mass, although the mass at the time of the supernova may be much lower. [100]

More recently, astronomers have been getting excited about a newly discovered supernova in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Designated SN 2023ixf and located some 21 million light-years from Earth the new supernova is attracting the attention of both professional and amateur astronomers worldwide who are turning their telescopes and cameras toward the spot to observe this somewhat rare phenomenon. Additional resources The so-called classic explosion, associated with Type II supernovae, has as progenitor a very massive star (a Population I star) of at least eight solar masses that is at the end of its active lifetime. (These are seen only in spiral galaxies, most often near the arms.) Until this stage of its evolution, the star has shone by means of the nuclear energy released at and near its core in the process of squeezing and heating lighter elements such as hydrogen or helium into successively heavier elements—i.e., in the process of nuclear fusion. Forming elements heavier than iron absorbs rather than produces energy, however, and, since energy is no longer available, an iron core is built up at the centre of the aging, heavyweight star. When the iron core becomes too massive, its ability to support itself by means of the outward explosive thrust of internal fusion reactions fails to counteract the tremendous pull of its own gravity. Consequently, the core collapses. If the core’s mass is less than about three solar masses, the collapse continues until the core reaches a point at which its constituent nuclei and free electrons are crushed together into a hard, rapidly spinning core. This core consists almost entirely of neutrons, which are compressed in a volume only 20 km (12 miles) across but whose combined weight equals that of several Suns. A teaspoonful of this extraordinarily dense material would weigh 50 billion tons on Earth. Such an object is called a neutron star. That’s one of my favorite topics, over a beer,” says Brian Fields, an astronomer at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. Astronomers estimate that, on average, between one and three stars ought to explode in our galaxy every century. So a gap of four centuries is a bit more than one might expect. “Statistically, you can’t say that we’re overdue—but, informally, we all say that we’re overdue,” Fields says. Either type of supernova can be so bright as to briefly outshine an entire galaxy. But Type II supernovas are particularly interesting because they release not only light but also enormous numbers of neutrinos. In fact, the emission of neutrinos can start a little bit ahead of the explosion itself, explains Kate Scholberg, an astronomer at Duke University.A version of the periodic table indicating the origins – including stellar nucleosynthesis of the elements. (Photo Credit: Cmglee/Wikimedia Commons) Diehl, R., Halloin, H., Kretschmer, K. et al. Radioactive 26Al from massive stars in the Galaxy. Nature 439, 45–47 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04364 The Creators of incredibly beautiful remnants. The result of immense and apparently destructive forces are often quite stunning. Some of the most magnificent stellar objects in existence – the dream of every astronomer to observe in their lifetime – were created by supernovae that occurred hundreds and thousands of epochs ago. Imagine that you’re an astronomer in the early years of the 17th century. The telescope hasn’t yet been invented, so you scan the night sky only with the unaided eye. Then one day you see a remarkable sight: A bright new star appears, and for the next few weeks it outshines even the planet Venus. It’s so bright it can even be seen in broad daylight. It lingers in the sky for many months, gradually dimming over time. Louk’s mother, Ricarda, later said: “This morning my daughter, Shani Nicole Louk, a German citizen, was kidnapped with a group of tourists in southern Israel by Palestinian Hamas.

In other words, it’s been a long wait—418 years since we’ve seen a star explode in our galaxy. So are we overdue for a bright, nearby supernova? Toward the end of the 20th century, astronomers increasingly turned to computer-controlled telescopes and CCDs for hunting supernovae. While such systems are popular with amateurs, there are also professional installations such as the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope. [43] The Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS) project uses a network of neutrino detectors to give early warning of a supernova in the Milky Way galaxy. [44] [45] Neutrinos are particles that are produced in great quantities by a supernova, and they are not significantly absorbed by the interstellar gas and dust of the galactic disk. [46] "A star set to explode", the SBW1 nebula surrounds a massive blue supergiant in the Carina Nebula. That is what we're seeing now, although actually, the star bursting apart did not occur this past Friday, for M101 is located at a distance of roughly 21 million light-years from Earth. A 1414 text cites a 1055 report: since "the baleful star appeared, a full year has passed and until now its brilliance has not faded". [14] Historical supernovae in the local group Today’s astronomers are much better prepared for the next supernova than Kepler would have been—or than anyone would have been just a few decades ago. Today’s scientists are equipped with telescopes that record visible light. These instruments will show what a supernova would look like if we could fly close to it and look at it with our own eyes. But we also have telescopes that can record infrared light—light whose colors lie beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. With its longer wavelengths, infrared light can pass more easily through gas and dust than visible light, revealing targets that may be impossible to see with traditional telescopes. The James Webb Space Telescope, for example, records primarily in the infrared. Both visible and infrared light are part of the “electromagnetic spectrum,” but supernovas also emit a different kind of radiation, in the form of subatomic particles called neutrinos—and today we have detectors to snare them, too. As well, astronomers now have detectors that can record subtle ripples in the fabric of spacetime known as gravitational waves, which are also believed to be unleashed by exploding stars.The core collapse of some massive stars may not result in a visible supernova. This happens if the initial core collapse cannot be reversed by the mechanism that produces an explosion, usually because the core is too massive. These events are difficult to detect, but large surveys have detected possible candidates. [138] [139] The red supergiant N6946-BH1 in NGC 6946 underwent a modest outburst in March 2009, before fading from view. Only a faint infrared source remains at the star's location. [140] Light curves [ edit ] Typical light curves for several types of supernovae; in practice, magnitude and duration varies within each type. See Karttunen et al. for types Ia, Ib, II-L and II-P; [141] Modjaz et al. for types Ic and IIb; [142] and Nyholm et al. for type IIn. [143] With that observation, they became the first astronomers to catch a star in the act of exploding. The new supernova was named SN 2008D. Further study has shown that the supernova had some unusual properties. On average, a supernova will occur once every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way, according to research by the European Space Agency. This means a star explodes every 10 seconds or so somewhere in the universe, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.