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Groves, C. P. (July 1970). "Population systematics of the gorilla". Journal of Zoology. 161 (3): 287–300. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb04514.x– via Onlinelibrary. Müller, C. (1855–1861). Geographi graeci minores. pp.1.1–14: text and trans. Ed. J. Blomqvist (1979). Females will start giving birth at about 10 years old and will have offspring every 3-4 years. When in oestrus she will be able to conceive for only three days in the month. There are thought to be around 316,000 western gorillas in the wild, and 5,000 eastern gorillas. Both species are classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN; all subspecies are classified as Critically Endangered with the exception of the mountain gorilla, which is classified as Endangered. There are many threats to their survival, such as poaching, habitat destruction, and disease, which threaten the survival of the species. However, conservation efforts have been successful in some areas where they live.

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Smith, K. (7 March 2012). "Gorilla joins the genome club". Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature.2012.10185. S2CID 85141639. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Gorillas are one of our closest living relatives, after chimpanzees and bonobos. They share between 95% and 99% of our DNA! Western lowland gorillas ( G. g. gorilla) are believed to be one of the zoonotic origins of HIV/AIDS. The SIVgor Simian immunodeficiency virus that infects them is similar to a certain strain of HIV-1. [84] [85] [86] [87] Genome sequencing Wright, E.; etal. (2021). "Chest beats as an honest signal of body size in male mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei)". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 6879. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..11.6879W. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86261-8. PMC 8032651. PMID 33833252. a b c d Groves, C. (2002). "A history of gorilla taxonomy" (PDF). In Taylor, A. B.; Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.). Gorilla biology: A multidisciplinary perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp.15–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009.Tuttle, R. H. (1986). Apes of the world: their social behavior, communication, mentality and ecology. William Andrew. ISBN 978-0815511045. Lindsley, Tracy; Sorin, Anna Bess (2001). " Gorilla beringei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023 . Retrieved 24 August 2023. a b c d Wood, G. L. (1983). The Guinness book of animal facts and feats. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-0851122359. Gorillas make a new nest to sleep on daily and do not use the previous one. This even if remaining in the same place. Usually, they are made an hour before dusk, to be ready to sleep when night falls. Gorillas sleep longer than humans, an average of 12 hours per day. [46] Interspecies interactions The closest relatives of gorillas are the other two Homininae genera, chimpanzees and humans, all of them having diverged from a common ancestor about 7million years ago. [8] Human gene sequences differ only 1.6% on average from the sequences of corresponding gorilla genes, but there is further difference in how many copies each gene has. [9] Phylogeny of superfamily Hominoidea [10] :Fig. 4

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Females mature at 10–12 years (earlier in captivity), and males at 11–13 years. A female's first ovulatory cycle occurs when she is six years of age, and is followed by a two-year period of adolescent infertility. [66] The estrous cycle lasts 30–33 days, with outward ovulation signs subtle compared to those of chimpanzees. The gestation period lasts 8.5 months. Female mountain gorillas first give birth at 10 years of age and have four-year interbirth intervals. [66] Males can be fertile before reaching adulthood. Gorillas mate year round. [67] Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimpanzees and bonobos. Fagot, J.; Vauclair, J. (1988). "Handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 32 (2): 89–95. doi: 10.1159/000116536. PMID 3179697. Miller-Schroeder, P. (1997). Gorillas. Weigl Educational Publishers Limited. p.20. ISBN 978-0919879898. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2011. Robbins, L.; Margulis, S. (2014). "The effects of auditory enrichment on gorillas". Zoo Biology. 33 (3): 197–203. doi: 10.1002/zoo.21127. PMID 24715297.Montagu, M. F. A. (1940). "Knowledge of the Ape in Antiquity". Isis. 32 (1): 87–102. doi: 10.1086/347644. S2CID 143874276. The first systematic study was not conducted until the 1920s, when Carl Akeley of the American Museum of Natural History traveled to Africa to hunt for an animal to be shot and stuffed. On his first trip, he was accompanied by his friends Mary Bradley, a mystery writer, her husband, and their young daughter Alice, who would later write science fiction under the pseudonym James Tiptree Jr. After their trip, Mary Bradley wrote On the Gorilla Trail. She later became an advocate for the conservation of gorillas, and wrote several more books (mainly for children). In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Robert Yerkes and his wife Ava helped further the study of gorillas when they sent Harold Bigham to Africa. Yerkes also wrote a book in 1929 about the great apes. Kelland, K. (7 March 2012). "Gorilla genome sheds new light on human evolution". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2012.